I just had my passport renewed 8 weeks ago and Derrick's response is the accurate. Three weeks for the expedited is also what I got.
For documents, I recommend looking at their website and following the links at the bottom of the page to find what you need: https://www.germany.info/us-en/service/02-PassportsandIDCards/passport/941512 As for times, it takes about 3 days for a temporary passport or 3 weeks for a normal passport if you expedite it.
Thanks! Your answer is awaiting moderation.