Yes there is a shelter and campsites right near the terminus
Download the Guthook app, it will have all the shelters and camp sites listed and their distances as well as specific information about each one.
Do you mean that you will start your hike at Springer and then hike all day on the AT Trail and camp Saturday night?
There is plenty of camping at the Springer mountain shelter. Roughly 1 mile from the Springer Mountain parking lot.
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